First, the mechanical and electrical behavior of electrostatically actuated nano/microresonators (cantilevers, bridges and quad-beams) embedded in a capacitive detection scheme have been analyzed. In such a scheme, the main issue comes from parasitic stray capacitances that can drastically degrade the performance of the transduction. Additionally, output parasitic capacitances arising from the measurement instrumentation can further reduce the available signal levels. In this sense, the advantages and the feasibility of a monolithic integration with CMOS circuitry have been studied. Indeed NEMS/CMOS are very promising systems which combine outstanding sensing attributes, thanks to the mobile mechanical part, with the possibility to electrically detect the output signal in enhanced conditions. Regarding the electrical response, such integration provides two major advantages: (i) reducing all the parasitic loads at the resonator output, and (ii) amplifying and conditioning ‘on-chip’ the resonance signal. Hence, a specific low-power CMOS readout circuit, whose function is to read out the capacitive current generated by a resonating nano/micromechanical device, has been designed. It is basically a transimpedance amplifier whose architecture is based on a second generation current conveyor. Its topology and the corresponding layout have been described and the circuit behavior (intrinsic and coupled to the NEMS) has been fully simulated. According to simulation results, the detection of the resonance of nano/microresonators is greatly enhanced through the CMOS integration.

Then, NEMS/CMOS devices have been fabricated combining a standard CMOS technology (CNM one) with emerging nanopatterning techniques, in particular with nanostencil lithography (nSL), of which the resolution and the conditions of applications have been optimized. Our works demonstrate the potential of nSL as a parallel, straightforward and CMOS compatible patterning technique to define at full wafer scale nanodevices on CMOS. These results represent the first time that an emerging nanolithography technique has been used to pattern multiple N-MEMS devices on a whole CMOS wafer in a parallel, potentially low-cost approach. The same strategy could be extended to other examples of nanodevices, such as single electron transistors on CMOS, for which there is at present no affordable technological process that fulfill the requirements of high resolution processing at wafer scale and CMOS compatibility.

After their fabrication, fully integrated nanomechanical resonators (cantilevers and quad-beams) have been extensively characterized electrically. Their mechanical resonance has been successfully sensed by the CMOS circuitry. Cantilevers and quad-beams have exhibited quality factors in vacuum up to 9500 and 7000 respectively. The resonance frequency could be tuned by varying the driving voltage and interesting hysteretic non-linear behaviors have been observed either in air or in vacuum

Finally, these resonators have been implemented as ultra-sensitive mass sensors in four different applications: in this way the extreme versatility and the high performance of such sensors has been demonstrated. Indeed, such ultra-sensitive nanosensors open up new possibilities of exploring new physical or chemical phenomena previously unattainable with any other tools. In the first experiment, wetting mechanisms of sessile droplets have been explored at very small scales (volumes in the femtoliter range) implementing the resonators as nano/microbalances. Such phenomena could not have been analyzed with traditional quartz microbalances whose mass resolution is more limited. In the second experiment, a new architecture of resonator based on a double nano/microcantilever has been designed and tested: this new device allows making reliable measurements under ambient conditions by providing a direct estimation of the measurement uncertainty.

The fact that NEMS-based mass sensors provide an unprecedented mass sensitivity and a very high spatial resolution inherent to their small size makes of them interesting devices for industrial applications as well. With regard to this matter, another experiment has consisted in monitoring in-situ the deposition of ultra-thin gold layers both with NEMS/CMOS and quartz-crystal microbalances. When measuring in real time the mass of these uniform deposits of thicknesses inferior to sub-monolayer, silicon nano/microresonators have exhibited a mass sensitivity better than QCM by between two and three orders of magnitude. This is very promising with regard to the possibility of replacing QCM in the semiconductor industry as a tool to monitor the deposition of thin layers. These outstanding mass sensing attributes have led us to apply such sensors as positioning sensors according to an innovative concept. In fact, CNM and EPFL are presently developing a ‘quasi-dynamic’ stencil lithography system. This system consists in performing successive depositions of several materials through a nanostencil shadow mask which is displaced in-between each deposition: in this way high-purity and structured multi-deposits can be obtained. In this context, NEMS/CMOS mass sensors are used as positioning sensors for the in-situ alignment between the movable nanostencil and the substrate to be patterned.

It is foreseen that most of the projects submitted to the Priority Area 3 (NMP) will need and develop nanopatterning techniques in one way or another. The Emerging Nanopatterning Methods (NaPa) consortium integrates the new patterning methods into one project, both anticipating and responding to the increasing need for technologies, standards and metrology required to harness the new application-relevant properties of engineered structures with nm-scale features.

The NaPa consortium complements the deep UV technology by providing low-cost scalable processes and tools to cover the needs of nanopatterning from CMOS back-end processes through photonics to biotechnology. To achieve this, research in three technology strands is proposed: nanoimprint lithography, soft lithography & self-assembly and MEMS-based nanopatterning. While the former is at a crucial embryonic stage, requiring prompt consolidation to yield its first products in one or two years, the other two will result in applications towards the end of the project. Research in three overarching themes required by all strands: Materials, Tools and Simulation will be undertaken. NaPa brings together 35 leading academic and industrial European institutions with a vast amount of recent know-how on nanofabrication, partly developed within FP5. In total, 3500 person months will be contributed by the partners to the project.

Complementing R&D, the consortium will design exciting nanoscience and nanoengineering courses to advance the training of the next generation of scientists and engineers and to create a positive attitude towards science among young people. Dissemination activities towards the lay public and sectors underrepresented in nanotechnology form an integral part in NaPa. Thus, NaPa offers a unique opportunity to unleash the potentials of nanotechnology in Europe.

Today, technology has taken society to another plateau; people can be tracked wherever they go from their cell phone, fleet tracking or car while ten years ago the world was adjusting to the fact that people could access information in the privacy of their own home from the World Wide Web. These devices work in real time and can provide an interested party with a wealth of information about the private daily activities of every person. Just as the introduction of the Internet to the workplace created new legal and policy issues, GPS tracking in the workplace implicates a new set of privacy concerns. We need discussion which takes the reader through the current technology and law on this issue. It will first offer background information on how GPS tracking device technology works and what legislation has arisen in response to that technology. It will then evaluate the different ways GPS is being used by addressing recent media stories involving employers monitoring the physical location of their employees. Idea  assesses ways for employees to protect their privacy is needed, namely examining how GPS trackers can be turned off. The latter half of this report gives an overview on the current case law on this issue and identifies the balancing test that the courts have used to measure whether an employer has invaded an employee’s privacy. Finally, law review articles and journals on this issue are summarized to give the reader a different perspective and an idea on the general consensus of the legal community. While the introduction of GPS tracking devices technology into the workplace has yet to be addressed by the courts, there are guidelines to assessing the policy and legal implications of this type of technology

Choosing between Hosted PBX technology and deploying a PBX at the customer location often comes down to a “religious” decision between deploying technology in-house with all the control and security that it implies versus letting your provider host services in their network, while you get to focus on your core business competencies. Let’s face it, not everyone has the staff or technical expertise to manage their technology needs — these types of small businesses are the perfect candidates for hosted PBX services. These solutions allow the SMB to do what they do best, while the service provider handles their communications needs. At the end of the day, the goal of a Hosted PBX solution is to simplify communications for the SMB while providing some of the must-have features of the online world (e-mail integration, Web-based management). For that reason, among others, SMB owners are increasingly looking to hosted PBX services to fulfill their communications needs.

Among further cost considerations, deploying a Hosted PBX solution means there is no significant up-front commitment to installation and maintenance, nor is there the commitment to what can be a steep learning curve regarding how to deploy and use the system. That translates to lower capital outlays on staffing and support infrastructure. Good service providers will provide 24/7 customer service and will often proactively manage the solution, so that if a problem occurs, they can begin addressing the issue long before the customer even realizes there’s a problem.

Another benefit of the Hosted PBX has to do with disaster recovery. Nowadays, in a post-9/11, post-hurricane Katrina world, the need to prepare a business’ communications systems for unexpected disasters has become table stakes. However in a traditional, premise equipment-based scenario, the costs of disaster preparedness are high, when one factors in the necessary levels of redundancy, failover, multiple site networking, etc. A network-based hosted PBX solution affords a much less expensive alternative. If a major disaster were to hit, you could simply have all your calls redirected to a temporary telephone number (such as a cell phone), send your employees home or relocate your equipment to another IP-enabled facility. Since all the call processing and features are tied to servers that sit in the network, all the features are tied to the “cloud” ensuring availability in the event of a disaster.

Without a clean interactive “tool” for control of global temperatures, we are relying upon the unstable nature of our environment to continue to mend itself, regardless of our abusive actions. In addition to our own actions, history has shown that nature often has global extinction events. There are many natural generators of greenhouse gases.

If the methane permafrost melts, billions of people may die from reduced global agricultural harv Continue reading »